Conversion defects

• E.g. Wane , Slope of Grain , bowing , springing , twisting 
• Quarter sawn timber distort less on moisture content change than flat sawn timber 
• Pieces of timber which contain the pitch are more prone to distortion . 
• When the piece not cut parallel to longitudianl , bowing , springing and twisting are likely 
• Young trees with more sapwood are more prone to distortion than hearwood of older trees . 
• Slope of grain .